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8. Global music -- 1945-present : introduction and timeline -- Experimental music : in a shaken, postwar world, Stockhausen, Boulez, and Cage seek a new framework -- Modern chanson : a unique song tradition emerges in 20th-century Paris, championed by Charles Trenet and Edith Piaf -- The German revival : in the aftermath of war, composers turn in new directions to reinvent German culture ; avant-garde music flourishes in Darmstadt -- Romany music : once marginalized, Romany music is widely admired for its emotional range and energy -- Brazilian beats : from Brazil's vibrant music and dance culture comes samba and, in the 1950s, bossa nova -- Jazz goes Latin : American jazz musicians adopt Cuba's slow habanera rhythm, and a new genre is born -- Celia Cruz -- Operatic rebirth : Benjamin Britten in England and John Adams in the United States found a modern opera tradition -- Early musical theater : hit musicals by rogers and Hammerstein feed a Broadway craze in the 1940s and '50s -- Maria Callas -- The guitar -- Smooth operators : the microphone facilitates the soft, crooning style of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra -- Music for screen : Hollywood directors begin hiring composers to write original movie scores -- Hollywood musicals : after World War I and the post-Depression, musicals provide escapism with singing, dancing, comedy, and romance -- One voice : the gap between gospel and soul narrows, and singers raise their voices for civil rights -- The music of Indonesia : Indonesia is home to the gamelan orchestra; different styles evolve in Bali and Java -- Gamelan -- Island music : over the years, Hawaii's music absorbs elements from hymns, yodeling, and ragtime -- Celtic music : traditional music from parts of Britain, Ireland, France, and Spain is revisited and reinvented -- Longing for Fado : rooted in Lisbon, Portugal's poetic folk music sings of melancholy, longing, and urban life -- Bright lights, big city blues : African American musicians flock to Chicago, where electric guitars and recording transform the blues of the South -- The harmonica -- Rhythm and blues : in the 1940s and '50s, African American artists dominate the US market with a new style of music -- Plugged-in for sound : when guitars and keyboards go electric, a new sound and style is born , rock 'n' roll -- Rock 'n' roll models : Elvis Presley, buddy Holly, and Eddie Cochran have explosive appeal for teenage audiences -- Leaders of the pack : New York's Brill Building houses dozens of songwriters, who define the era's pop sound -- The sounds of soul : impassioned, personal, and political, soul singers make the move from church to charts -- Protest music : in the United States and Europe, musicians such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and Mercedes Sosa respond to political upheaval through song -- Beatlemania : four young band mates from Liverpool take the work by storm in the 1960s, a string of self-written hits -- John Lennon -- Blues rock : in Britain, the blues is enthusiastically taken up by the Rolling Stones and Fleetwood Mac -- Heavy rock : Led Zeppelin, Alice Cooper, and Kiss amp up the sound -- Jazz fusion : while some jazz musicians go electric, many rock, R&B, and pop musicians adopt jazz styles -- The electric guitar -- Electronic rock : in the 1970s, rock bands start to experiment with synthesizers and electronic effects -- David Bowie -- Ragas and talas : voice, drums, and sitar play hypnotic rhythms and elaborate melodies in Indian music -- Indian instruments -- Music festivals : from Woodstock to Glastonbury, festivals become a rite of passage for young fans -- The Nashville sound : with stars such as Dolly Parton and Loretta Lynn, country becomes a top-selling genre -- Reggae -- bass-heavy reggae emerges from Jamaica, and Bob Marley takes it global -- Music goes pop : with catchy tunes and clever marketing, singers become megastars -- Chart toppers : awards ceremonies, best-seller charts, and music television help to shape the charts -- Disco inferno : djs learn new tricks to keep people moving to the up-tempo beats of 1970s disco -- Punk explosion : loud and irreverent, the Ramones and the Sex Pistols challenge pop conventions -- Alternative rock : a wave of young independent record labels springs up in the 1980s, revolutionizing rock -- Musical revival : writers of musical theater look to pop and rock for inspiration, creating long-running hit shows -- Japanese popular music : Japan's pop culture spans J-pop idols to vocaloids (animated singers) -- African music : Musicians from all over the continent find new audiences with pan-African and Western fusions and political lyrics -- African instruments -- Hip-hop : the rap music of African American ghettos of Los Angeles and New York becomes a global commercial force -- Club culture : from electro to house, trance to dubstep, new sounds emerge in dance music -- The Korean wave : South Korea's pop scene goes from strength to strength, fueled by artist agencies and government encouragement -- New voices in classical : composers experiment with minimalism and avant-garde techniques -- Digital revolution : digitization and the internet transform the way music is listened to, initiating a new relationship between musicians and fans -- Visual glossary -- Genres -- Biographies -- Instruments. |
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